学习目标
- Recognise, explain, and apply “Translation”.
- Recognise, explain, and apply “Reflection”.
- Recognise, explain, and apply “Rotation”.
- Recognise, explain, and apply “Enlargement”.
- Recognise, explain, and apply “Column vectors”.
IGCSE Year 10 / Mathematics / Curriculum
Transformations and vectors
Transformations and vectors: structured theory, worked examples, answered practice, and a mastery checklist for IGCSE Year 10.
核心概念与检查
- I select a theorem from the diagram's givens.
- I justify every step of the solution.
- Every solution or explanation for “Transformations and vectors” should include a method, justification, and final check.
单元
核心理论
练习前按清晰顺序掌握本章核心概念。
Diagram, givens, target
Mark every given on the diagram and state the target clearly. Start from a relationship that connects exactly those quantities.
Property with justification
Every geometric step needs a property, theorem, or definition. A result without justification is not a complete proof.
Units and precision
Length, area, volume, and angle use different units. Round only at the end and keep sufficient intermediate precision.
Translation
Draw and label every given before choosing a property or formula. Finish with estimation, an inverse operation, or substitution as a check.
Reflection
Draw and label every given before choosing a property or formula. Finish with estimation, an inverse operation, or substitution as a check.
Rotation
Draw and label every given before choosing a property or formula. Finish with estimation, an inverse operation, or substitution as a check.
Enlargement
Draw and label every given before choosing a property or formula. Finish with estimation, an inverse operation, or substitution as a check.
Column vectors
Draw and label every given before choosing a property or formula. Finish with estimation, an inverse operation, or substitution as a check.
Mathematics
例题讲解
逐步查看方法，并理解每一步为何成立。
Worked geometry example
A right triangle has perpendicular sides 15 cm and 20 cm. Find its hypotenuse and area.
- 1Pythagoras: c² = 15² + 20².
- 2c = √(625) = 25 cm.
- 3Area = 1/2 · 15 · 20.
Hypotenuse 25 cm, area 150 cm².
Reasoning example
Before calculating, explain the key idea from “Translation” and which conditions must be checked.
- 1Define the idea in one clear sentence.
- 2Connect it to a representation, law, or formula.
- 3State a restriction, unit, or final check that makes the solution valid.
The answer should show not only which rule is used for “Translation”, but also why it is valid here.
Transformations and vectors
含答案练习
八道分层练习，从基础熟练到考试应用。请先独立完成，再查看提示或答案。
基础熟练4 分钟
A 6 cm by 5 cm rectangle: find perimeter and area.
提示
P = 2(l+w), A = lw.
答案指南
P = 22 cm, A = 30 cm².
基础熟练5 分钟
A triangle has base 18 cm and height 2 cm. Find its area.
提示
A = 1/2 bh.
答案指南
A = 1/2 · 18 · 2 = 18 cm².
应用6 分钟
Two angles in a triangle are 50° and 40°. Find the third.
提示
Triangle angles sum to 180°.
答案指南
90°.
应用7 分钟
A right triangle has legs 18 cm and 24 cm. Find the hypotenuse.
提示
Use a²+b²=c².
答案指南
30 cm.
推理8 分钟
A circle has radius 3 cm. Find circumference and area in terms of π.
提示
C = 2πr, A = πr².
答案指南
C = 6π cm, A = 9π cm².
推理9 分钟
Scale 1:700. What real length in metres does 5 cm represent?
提示
Multiply in cm, then convert to metres.
答案指南
5 · 700 = 3500 cm = 35 m.
考试题型10 分钟
A cuboid is 3 cm × 2 cm × 5 cm. Find its volume.
提示
V = lwh.
答案指南
V = 30 cm³.
考试题型12 分钟
Points A(0,0) and B(6,4). Find AB.
提示
AB = √(Δx²+Δy²).
答案指南
AB = √52.
常见错误
- Using a formula without checking its conditions.
- Confusing linear, square, and cubic units.
- Treating a not-to-scale diagram as a measurement.
掌握度检查
- I select a theorem from the diagram's givens.
- I justify every step of the solution.
- I use correct units and a final check.
Transformations and vectors
章节作业
六道不同作业，从基础到挑战，包含预计用时、提示和答案指南。
基础8 分钟
Homework 1: A 9 cm by 6 cm rectangle: find perimeter and area.
提示
P = 2(l+w), A = lw.
答案指南
P = 30 cm, A = 54 cm².
基础10 分钟
Homework 2: A triangle has base 15 cm and height 3 cm. Find its area.
提示
A = 1/2 bh.
答案指南
A = 1/2 · 15 · 3 = 22.5 cm².
进阶12 分钟
Homework 3: Two angles in a triangle are 80° and 50°. Find the third.
提示
Triangle angles sum to 180°.
答案指南
50°.
进阶15 分钟
Homework 4: A right triangle has legs 6 cm and 8 cm. Find the hypotenuse.
提示
Use a²+b²=c².
答案指南
10 cm.
挑战18 分钟
Homework 5: A circle has radius 4 cm. Find circumference and area in terms of π.
提示
C = 2πr, A = πr².
答案指南
C = 8π cm, A = 16π cm².
挑战20 分钟
Homework 6: Scale 1:300. What real length in metres does 6 cm represent?
提示
Multiply in cm, then convert to metres.
答案指南
6 · 300 = 1800 cm = 18 m.
50 分钟 / 40 分
完整章节测试
带计时器、完整分值和参考答案的章节自测。
Start the timer when ready, work without notes, show every step, and open model answers only after finishing.
1. A 7 cm by 6 cm rectangle: find perimeter and area.
2 分答案指南
P = 26 cm, A = 42 cm².
2. A triangle has base 9 cm and height 3 cm. Find its area.
3 分答案指南
A = 1/2 · 9 · 3 = 13.5 cm².
3. Two angles in a triangle are 60° and 50°. Find the third.
3 分答案指南
70°.
4. A right triangle has legs 6 cm and 8 cm. Find the hypotenuse.
4 分答案指南
10 cm.
5. A circle has radius 4 cm. Find circumference and area in terms of π.
4 分答案指南
C = 8π cm, A = 16π cm².
6. Scale 1:800. What real length in metres does 6 cm represent?
4 分答案指南
6 · 800 = 4800 cm = 48 m.
7. A cuboid is 4 cm × 3 cm × 7 cm. Find its volume.
5 分答案指南
V = 84 cm³.
8. Points A(0,0) and B(7,5). Find AB.
5 分答案指南
AB = √74.
9. Similar shapes have length scale factor 1:2. If the small area is 3 cm², find the large area.
5 分答案指南
3 · 2² = 12 cm².
10. Explain which givens and theorem are needed for a complete argument about “Enlargement”.
5 分答案指南
Full response: a labelled diagram, givens, an applicable theorem with its conditions, and a logically derived conclusion.
单元
官方来源与核验
课程参考来源；教学顺序请始终与学校和老师确认。
Mathematics
IGCSE Year 10: 数学与物理的结构化路线，包含章节、练习和下一步。
本章覆盖内容
结构跟随教材，用来帮助组织学习。
Translation
Reflection
Rotation
Enlargement
Column vectors
Vector notation
重点关注
通常容易出错或需要更多复习的部分。
I select a theorem from the diagram's givens.
I justify every step of the solution.
I use correct units and a final check.
来源、日常资料与学习资源
从教材、daily material、PDFs、videos 和 worked examples 开始。
Start from the official textbook or specification referenced on the subject page.
Use the notes and examples as support, not as a replacement for the official syllabus.
Check the current syllabus version before exam preparation.
按小主题练习
进入 full tests 前先做 targeted practice，让覆盖情况更清楚。
A 6 cm by 5 cm rectangle: find perimeter and area.
A triangle has base 18 cm and height 2 cm. Find its area.
Two angles in a triangle are 50° and 40°. Find the third.
A right triangle has legs 18 cm and 24 cm. Find the hypotenuse.
A circle has radius 3 cm. Find circumference and area in terms of π.
Scale 1:700. What real length in metres does 5 cm represent?
A cuboid is 3 cm × 2 cm × 5 cm. Find its volume.
Points A(0,0) and B(6,4). Find AB.
Mocks 与进度检查
如何衡量本章进度，以及何时加入综合 mock。
Start with untimed practice by subtopic.
Move to a short timed checkpoint only after completing the mastery checklist.
Record each error with the correct method and revisit it after 48 hours.
下一步
完成本章后该做什么，以及它如何连接到下一单元。
Complete the practice without support.
Explain the core method aloud in under two minutes.
Continue to the next chapter or request targeted tutor support.
说明：每学年的正式考试范围请始终以学校、老师和当前官方来源为准。