Panhellenic Exams / Physics / Curriculum
Κρούσεις και σχετική κίνηση: structured theory, worked examples, answered practice, and a mastery checklist for Panhellenic Exams.
单元
练习前按清晰顺序掌握本章核心概念。
Define the system and identify how energy or momentum is transferred. Conservation applies to the correct system and time interval.
Write initial and final quantities before substituting numbers. This exposes losses, external work, and direction.
Energy describes an amount, while power describes its transfer rate. Do not compare systems using work alone when time matters.
For “Κρούσεις”, start from an observation or model, define quantities and units where relevant, and separate the changed factor from the measured outcome. Support the conclusion with data and state the test's limitations.
For “Κεντρικές ελαστικές κρούσεις”, start from an observation or model, define quantities and units where relevant, and separate the changed factor from the measured outcome. Support the conclusion with data and state the test's limitations.
For “Σχετική κίνηση”, start from an observation or model, define quantities and units where relevant, and separate the changed factor from the measured outcome. Support the conclusion with data and state the test's limitations.
Physics
逐步查看方法，并理解每一步为何成立。
A 4 kg body moves at 4 m/s. Find its kinetic energy and momentum.
Ek = 32 J, p = 16 kg·m/s
Before calculating, explain the key idea from “Κρούσεις” and which conditions must be checked.
The answer should show not only which rule is used for “Κρούσεις”, but also why it is valid here.
Κρούσεις και σχετική κίνηση
八道分层练习，从基础熟练到考试应用。请先独立完成，再查看提示或答案。
A 9 kg mass moves at 3 m/s. Find kinetic energy.
Ek=1/2 mv².
Ek=40.5 J.
A machine transfers 2500 J in 25 s. Find power.
P=E/t.
P=100 W.
Structure a solution for “Σχετική κίνηση”: givens, SI units, law, substitution, and interpretation.
State the law before substituting numbers.
A full solution states symbols/units, selects a valid law for “Σχετική κίνηση”, shows substitution and calculation, and interprets the result.
Identify three uncertainty sources in measuring “Κρούσεις” and improve each one.
Consider instrument resolution, reaction time, repeats, and controls.
A full response links each specific error source to a targeted improvement and identifies random or systematic impact.
Plan a suitable graph for “Κεντρικές ελαστικές κρούσεις” data and explain how to obtain a gradient or relationship.
Put the independent variable on x and dependent variable on y.
A full response labels axes/units, uses a suitable scale and best fit; gradient uses a large triangle and is interpreted with units.
Check whether a result for “Σχετική κίνηση” is sensible using units, order of magnitude, and a limiting case.
A check should not merely repeat the same calculation.
A full check confirms dimensions/units, compares expected magnitude, and tests behaviour when one variable becomes very small or large.
Connect “Κρούσεις” to energy conservation or a force/field model and justify the choice.
Define the system and interactions.
A full response defines the system, describes transfer or interaction, applies the appropriate model, and states losses or limitations.
Write a multi-step exam response about “Κεντρικές ελαστικές κρούσεις” with calculation and evaluation.
Separate givens, model, calculation, result, and evaluation.
A full response includes an appropriate diagram/model, laws, algebraic rearrangement, SI substitution, suitably precise result, and evaluation of assumptions.
Κρούσεις και σχετική κίνηση
六道不同作业，从基础到挑战，包含预计用时、提示和答案指南。
Homework 1: A 5 kg mass moves at 4 m/s. Find kinetic energy.
Ek=1/2 mv².
Ek=40 J.
Homework 2: A machine transfers 4800 J in 30 s. Find power.
P=E/t.
P=160 W.
Homework 3: Structure a solution for “Σχετική κίνηση”: givens, SI units, law, substitution, and interpretation.
State the law before substituting numbers.
A full solution states symbols/units, selects a valid law for “Σχετική κίνηση”, shows substitution and calculation, and interprets the result.
Homework 4: Identify three uncertainty sources in measuring “Κρούσεις” and improve each one.
Consider instrument resolution, reaction time, repeats, and controls.
A full response links each specific error source to a targeted improvement and identifies random or systematic impact.
Homework 5: Plan a suitable graph for “Κεντρικές ελαστικές κρούσεις” data and explain how to obtain a gradient or relationship.
Put the independent variable on x and dependent variable on y.
A full response labels axes/units, uses a suitable scale and best fit; gradient uses a large triangle and is interpreted with units.
Homework 6: Check whether a result for “Σχετική κίνηση” is sensible using units, order of magnitude, and a limiting case.
A check should not merely repeat the same calculation.
A full check confirms dimensions/units, compares expected magnitude, and tests behaviour when one variable becomes very small or large.
50 分钟 / 40 分
带计时器、完整分值和参考答案的章节自测。
Start the timer when ready, work without notes, show every step, and open model answers only after finishing.
1. A 3 kg mass moves at 4 m/s. Find kinetic energy.
2 分Ek=24 J.
2. A machine transfers 3600 J in 30 s. Find power.
3 分P=120 W.
3. Structure a solution for “Σχετική κίνηση”: givens, SI units, law, substitution, and interpretation.
3 分A full solution states symbols/units, selects a valid law for “Σχετική κίνηση”, shows substitution and calculation, and interprets the result.
4. Identify three uncertainty sources in measuring “Κρούσεις” and improve each one.
4 分A full response links each specific error source to a targeted improvement and identifies random or systematic impact.
5. Plan a suitable graph for “Κεντρικές ελαστικές κρούσεις” data and explain how to obtain a gradient or relationship.
4 分A full response labels axes/units, uses a suitable scale and best fit; gradient uses a large triangle and is interpreted with units.
6. Check whether a result for “Σχετική κίνηση” is sensible using units, order of magnitude, and a limiting case.
4 分A full check confirms dimensions/units, compares expected magnitude, and tests behaviour when one variable becomes very small or large.
7. Connect “Κρούσεις” to energy conservation or a force/field model and justify the choice.
5 分A full response defines the system, describes transfer or interaction, applies the appropriate model, and states losses or limitations.
8. Write a multi-step exam response about “Κεντρικές ελαστικές κρούσεις” with calculation and evaluation.
5 分A full response includes an appropriate diagram/model, laws, algebraic rearrangement, SI substitution, suitably precise result, and evaluation of assumptions.
9. Compare two methods for investigating “Σχετική κίνηση” and select the more reliable using criteria.
5 分The choice must use at least three comparable criteria and acknowledge one trade-off or limitation.
10. Create an extension question about “Κρούσεις”, a prediction, and a data-collection plan.
5 分A full response gives a testable question, justified prediction, independent-variable range, repeats, and an analysis method.
单元
课程参考来源；教学顺序请始终与学校和老师确认。
Physics
Panhellenic Exams: 数学与物理的结构化路线，包含章节、练习和下一步。
结构跟随教材，用来帮助组织学习。
通常容易出错或需要更多复习的部分。
从教材、daily material、PDFs、videos 和 worked examples 开始。
进入 full tests 前先做 targeted practice，让覆盖情况更清楚。
如何衡量本章进度，以及何时加入综合 mock。
完成本章后该做什么，以及它如何连接到下一单元。
说明：每学年的正式考试范围请始终以学校、老师和当前官方来源为准。
